New Urbanism Planning and Design

New Urbanism is an urban planning and design movement that began in the United States in the early 1980s. Its goals are to reduce dependence on the car, and to create livable and walkable, neighborhoods with a densely packed array of housing, jobs, and commercial sites. New Urbanism also promotes a return to the traditional town planning seen in places such as downtown Charleston, South Carolina and Georgetown in Washington, D.C. These locations are ideal for New Urbanists because in each one there is an easily walkable Main Street, a downtown park, shopping districts and a gridded street system. History of New Urbanism In the beginning of the 19th century, development of American cities often took a compact, mixed-use form, reminiscent of that found in places like old town Alexandria, Virginia. With the development of the streetcar and affordable rapid transit, however, cities began to spread out and create streetcar suburbs. The later invention of the automobile further increased this decentralization from the central city which later led to separated land uses and urban sprawl. New Urbanism is a reaction to the spreading out of cities. The ideas then began to spread in the late 1970s and early 1980s, as urban planners and architects started to come up with plans to model cities in the U.S. after those in Europe. In 1991, New Urbanism developed more strongly when the Local Government Commission, a nonprofit group in Sacramento, California, invited several architects, including Peter Calthorpe, Michael Corbett, Andres Duany and Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk among others, to Yosemite National Park to develop a set of principles for land use planning that focused on the community and its livability. The principles, named after Yosemites Ahwahnee Hotel where the conference was held, are called the Ahwahnee Principles. Within these, there are 15 community principles, four regional principles and four principles of implementation. Each one, however, deals with both past and present ideas to make cities as clean, walkable and livable as possible. These principles were then presented to government officials in late 1991 at the Yosemite Conference for Local Elected Officials. Shortly thereafter, some of the architects involved in creating the Ahwahnee Principles formed the Congress for the New Urbanism (CNU) in 1993. Today, CNU is the leading promoter of New Urbanist ideas and has grown to over 3,000 members. It also holds conferences yearly in cities across the U.S. to further promote New Urbanism design principles. Core New Urbanist Ideas Within the concept of New Urbanism today, there are four key ideas. The first of these is to ensure that a city is walkable. This means that no resident should need a car to get anywhere in the community and they should be no more than a five-minute walk from any basic good or service. To achieve this, communities should invest in sidewalks and narrow streets. In addition to actively promoting walking, cities should also de-emphasize the car by placing garages behind homes or in alleys. There should also only be on-street parking, instead of large parking lots. Another core idea of New Urbanism is that buildings should be mixed both in their style, size, price, and function. For example, a small townhouse can be placed next to a larger, single family home. Mixed-use buildings such as those containing commercial spaces with apartments over them are also ideal in this setting. Finally, a New Urbanist city should have a strong emphasis on the community. This means maintaining connections between people with high density, parks, open spaces and community gathering centers like a plaza or neighborhood square. Examples of New Urbanist Cities Although New Urbanist design strategies have been tried in various places across the U.S., the first fully developed New Urbanist town was Seaside, Florida, designed by architects Andres Duany and Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk. Construction began there in 1981 and almost immediately, it became famous for its architecture, public spaces, and quality of streets. The Stapleton neighborhood in Denver, Colorado, is another example of New Urbanism in the U.S. It is on the site of the former Stapleton International Airport and construction began in 2001. The neighborhood is zoned as residential, commercial and office and will be one of the largest in Denver. Like Seaside, it too will de-emphasize the car but it will also have parks and open space. Criticisms of New Urbanism Despite the popularity of New Urbanism in the recent decades, there have been some criticisms of its design practices and principles. The first of these is that the density of its cities leads to a lack of privacy for residents. Some critics claim that people want detached homes with yards so they are further away from their neighbors. By having mixed density neighborhoods and possibly sharing driveways and garages, this privacy is lost. Critics also say that New Urbanist towns feel inauthentic and isolated because they do not represent the norm of settlement patterns in the U.S. Many of these critics often point to Seaside as it was used to film portions of the film The Truman Show and as a model of Disneys community, Celebration, Florida. Finally, critics of New Urbanism argue that instead of promoting diversity and community, New Urbanist neighborhoods only attract affluent white residents as they often become very expensive places to live. Regardless of these criticisms though, New Urbanist ideas are becoming a popular form of planning communities and with a growing emphasis on mixed-use buildings, high density settlements, and walkable cities, its principles will continue into the future.

Basic Commodities ( Agricultural Products And Mines

1. While the descriptions on basic commodities (agricultural products and mines) are kept low, tariffs increased as the processing rate increased 2. Tariffs on products that can not be produced indoors, that can be produced less or that can not increase production will be kept low,the tariffs will be kept high for products that are potentially or competing with imported products. 3. Tariffs will be high in consumer goods, low in investment goods. 4. In the country, products that have just begun to produce and show development potential will be put on a high tariff. 5. Low tariffs on products with strong exports and their raw materials. 6. In sectors where production is stagnant, underdeveloped, and not likely to have future potential,†¦show more content†¦These sectors were supported by means such as subsidies, tax advantages, low interest loans, import tariffs, protection and restriction of foreign investments. The policy of blocking foreign investment as a means of protection was initiated during the American occupation and continued until the late 1960s after the occupation. (Komiya and Itoh (1988; p.177) ve Okimoto (1989; p. 27). As a result, foreign companies unable to manufacture in Japan had to license their technology to Japanese companies. (Okimoto (1989; p. 27). MITI was a member of the Japanese Foreign Capital Negotiation Commission. Foreign investors had to get permission from this commission. Debt-type capital inflows and license agreements were allowed more easily than direct investments. (Yà ¼lek (1997; p. 65) This was in line with the technological development desires of both MITI and Japa nese companies. The Japanese government has also kept its companies in the domestic market, import quotas and tariffs (Komiya and Itoh (1988; s.177). 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Moral Responsibility Free Essays

Naina Navni Professor Adams UCWR 110 21 October 2010 Moral Responsibility America would not be where it is without the laws that have been placed and the citizens who follow the laws. In order for this to happen the knowledge and acceptance of the laws are needed to establish order. African Americans had been secluded in the past through harsh laws of segregation. We will write a custom essay sample on Moral Responsibility or any similar topic only for you Order Now Although many believe disobeying the law is morally wrong and if disobeyed a punishment should follow, Martin Luther King’s profound statement, â€Å"One has the moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws† (King 420) leads to greater justice for all which is also supported by King’s â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail,† Jefferson’s â€Å" The Declaration of Independence,† and Lincoln’s â€Å"Second Inaugural Address. † â€Å"I am in Birmingham because injustice is here,† wrote Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. , in his â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† (King 416). Eight Alabama clergymen composed a statement urging restraint in the Civil Rights movement and the discontinuance of demonstrations in Birmingham. The clergymen explained that progress could best be achieved through negotiation and through the court system and suggested that direct action would only make the situation worse. In response to this statement, Martin Luther King, Jr. composed his famous â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† to explain why he was active in civil rights demonstrations, primarily because of the failure of the courts and negotiation to address the issue of civil rights effectively. One of King’s most important and most extended arguments begins with the  distinction between just and unjust laws. He begins by stating one has a legal and a moral responsibility to obey just laws. Conversely, one has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws. â€Å"I would agree with St. Augustine that an unjust law is no law at all† (King 420). A distinction is made that an unjust law is a human law that is not rooted in eternal law and natural law and by contrast, any law that uplifts human personality is just. Through these definition King can elaborate on his claim he developed earlier, â€Å"Segregation distorts the soul and damages the personality,† to draw a central conclusion which condemns segregation statutes as unjust (King 420). Any law that degrades human personality is unjust and all segregation statutes are unjust because segregation distorts the soul and damages the personality. Therefore this supports his conclusion, â€Å"Segregation gives the segregator a false sense of superiority and the segregated a false sense of inferiority† (King 420). Segregation is morally wrong and sinful, therefore action was needed to be taken to prevent it. In the second phase of this argument, King redefines â€Å"unjust law† in such a way as to intersect the democratic argument seen developed in Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence. King begins his argument by stating what defines an unjust versus just law. â€Å"An unjust law is a code that a numerical or power majority group compels a minority group to obey but does not make binding on itself. This is difference made legal . . . a just law is a code that a majority compels a minority to follow and that it is willing to follow itself. This is sameness made legal . . . a law is unjust if it is inflicted on a minority that, as a result of being denied the right to vote, had no part in enacting or devising the law† (King 421). The segregation laws were enacted by the Alabama legislature, representatives to which Negroes did not vote for because they were denied the right to vote brings up a question â€Å"Can any law enacted under such circumstances be considered democratically structured? † (King 421). Such laws are not democratically structured, therefore such laws are unjust. After King clearly demonstrated that segregation laws are unjust, it follows the immediate opening premise, â€Å"One has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws† that we are obliged to disobey segregation laws (King 420). King shines a new light on the disobedience of the law by expressing his belief that â€Å"An individual who breaks a law that conscience tells him is unjust, and who willingly accepts the penalty of imprisonment in order to arouse the conscience of the community over its injustice, is in reality expressing the highest respect for the law† (King 421). This therefore means that conscientious disobedience of an unjust law, especially with the intention of overturning injustice, shows the highest respect for the law, where just law is supposed to derive from natural law and God’s moral order. King’s language here echoes Jefferson, but particularly in the Declaration of Independence where Jefferson argues that governments exist to protect basic human rights, â€Å"Deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed† (Jefferson 437). At time it appears that the letter might even surpass the Declaration of Independence in its importance and value, as the letter speaks on behalf of all Americans as a unified â€Å"we† (Ess). Lincoln’s famous â€Å"Second Inaugural Address† given in 1865, exemplifies what King tries to explain in his letter. The main message gained is that all men are created equal, therefore segregation laws should not exist (Ess). Lincoln’s speech laid the foundation for others, such as King, to continue to work hard to abolish segregation and discriminative treatment. King’s use of logos, appeals to our logic or reasoning and gives his own example of how segregation affected his life. Once, he was randomly arrested for walking around without a walking permit. Another example, an elderly black woman states, â€Å"My feets is tired but my soul is at rest† (King 430). He mentions that the old woman’s statement is grammatically incorrect, and emphasizes her lack of education and his awareness of it. He draws attention to this fact to point out that even the uneducated know and sense the magnitude of the injustice of segregation. Also, in quoting this elderly woman, King’s appeal includes an appeal to the emotions. His use of imagery of this elderly woman with tired feet, we feel for her in that she is old and must endure this march to fight for something she should already have. The laws denied the rights of the elderly woman because of her race, hence the law being unjust, which King believes is fair not to follow. The main problem that was occurring in society was segregation. Similarities between King’s letter to the â€Å"The Declaration of Independence† and â€Å"Second Inaugural Address† are visible as both documents strive for the same goal: equality. If a law is morally wrong and unjust, then it is our responsibility to disobey it. King argues his point in a variety of ways, particularly the example of the elderly black woman complaining about the pain in her feet from the march and how King points out the grammatical errors in her speech which show her lack of education, yet still understands that segregation happening, knows it is wrong, and wants it to end. Works Cited Danner, Natalie, and Mary Kate. Paris. â€Å"King’s Letter from Birmingham Jail. † Mercury Reader: a Custom Publication. New York: Pearson Custom Pub. , 2009. 412-31. Print. Danner, Natalie, and Mary Kate. Paris. â€Å"Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address. † Mercury Reader: a Custom Publication. New York: Pearson Custom Pub. , 2009. 434-35. Print. Danner, Natalie, and Mary Kate. Paris. â€Å"Jefferson’s The Declaration of Independence. † Mercury Reader: a Custom Publication. New York: Pearson Custom Pub. , 2009. 436-40. Print. Ess, Dr. Charles. â€Å"King’s Letter from the Birmingham Jail. † Drury University, Springfield, Missouri. Web. 16 Oct. 2010. . How to cite Moral Responsibility, Papers

John Morgan Plumbing Prominence and Progress

Questions: 1. You must advise specifically on the continuing use of the words John Morgan Plumbing in the name of any proposed trading format you recommend. 2. Explain why you chose your recommended trading format with particular reference to the considerations outlined above and how your choice can facilitate the achievement of these objectives. Answers: 1. John Morgan has built his business as a sole proprietorship and gained a lot of prominence and progress. He has always traded as John Morgan Trading and the businesss name has become and household name going by the fact that it has obtained successful contracts for a number of major public sector developments. He has also increased the workforce to more than twenty people as well as a number of vehicles for transporting the plumbing personnel and equipments. A business name is also known as the trading name. It is the title under which a company or any other legal entity trades with. A business name, not only identifies the business to the customers, it also allows the business entity to differentiate itself from its competitors (Gregg, 2004 p50). It also helps the customers to make an emotional connection to a business brand, products and services. The business name is the most valuable asset of majority of businesses. In this particular case, we see a sole proprietor using his own name as the business name; many of his clients know his company by the name John Morgan Plumbing. That is a brand that cannot just be wished away because it has already marketed itself to a great extent. John Morgan should consider the growing nature of his company and adopt a more manageable trading format that will ensure a continued growth and expansion of his business. However, he should maintain the business name because it is more convenient to work with an established brand name rather than incur costs of registering a new name and marketing it from scratch. It is important to note that companies change their names often to reflect the arising market changes or due to conflicts in copyrights. There are huge multinationals that once changed their names and eventually triumphed in the market after very aggressive marketing campaigns. For instance, Nissan was once known as Datsun, LG was known as Lucky and Gold star while Xerox was initially known as Halloid Company (Spadaccini, 2004 p24). John Morgans company is unique in the sense that it deals with plumbing services rather than tangible products. A service business or a company derives its reputation from the quality of services being offered. In this particular case, the quality of plumbing services is closely tied to John Morgan who is the sole owner. Changing that name would complicate the companys prospects of going concern. It is expensive to change the companys name. Changing the name of the business would require John Morgan to change the marketing materials, stationary, signage and business cards. In addition, he would have to overhaul the companys website as well as the domains name. A change on companys name would also require a change in the design of the logo as well as conduct a new market research for the new name. It is more advantageous for John Morgan to retain his original business name in order to maintain the trusted brand as the company expands. Such a company needs a robust name to maintain its original clients and networks. It would also be costly to register a new company bearing in mind the legal factors associated with the exercise. Changing a company name would require the owner to conduct a trademark of the new name and register the companys new name as a trademark. John Morgan would also have to obtain new employer identification number and submit the final tax returns to the IRS. By changing the company name, it would require the company owner to inform their bank and update their legal documentation including the articles of association. It is crucial for Morgan to retain the original company name because it is a small growing company and will not need any legal or tax advice. Brand equity is another added value for retaining the initial companys name rather than changing it. Many people including the clients, suppliers and customers are familiar with John Morgan Plumbing. When that name changes, definitely the company would lose its brand equity in the sense that not everyone will be familiar with the new name. For instance, John Morgan Plumbing had already built a good reputation in the plumbing industry and built some worthy networks. It is advantageous to retain the same name because the company is widely known by that name. Otherwise it would be very difficult to inform the loyal customers of the change of name whereby some will not necessarily associate themselves with the new name. Building a new reputation from scratch is an uphill task and would require the use of some substantial amount of resources (Martin, 2010 p73). It is also not logic to abandon an established brand in favour of a new one. Even though the company has expanded so well and increased the numbers of employees, vehicles, operations etc, it is still a small company. Changing a name of such a company can sometimes be very disruptive. For instance, changing the companys name, designing the logos and materials can take up a good deal of time for the employees. Such a change would require reworking of marketing materials and contacting customers of the changes made. The entire process may end up translating into loss of productivity as well as lowering of employees morale. Sometimes the employees may not support the change of companys name and doing so would result to less productivity. The advantage of maintaining an established brand name is to allow employees ample time to focus on their work and to continue building the company brand rather than to concentrate on implementing the changes (Schneeman, 2012 p8). John Morgan Plumbing should retain that particular business name. However, they should adopt a trading format of a private company limited by shares in order to effectively manage the company as it expands to become a huge company. Being a sole proprietor, John Morgan may find it difficult to effectively manage the growing number of employees and companys operations by his own. Bearing g in mind that he still wants to maintain effectiveness of his business, he would still do so as the majority shareholder in the company. 2. The Irish Company Act 2014 underwent significant changes to create several types of Limited liability Companies. One of them was private companies limited by shares (LTDs). I prefer the trading format of a LTD because it provides an organization structure that enhances effective management. A Private Company Limited by Shares can be managed either by the owners or by the managers. Such a company can be managed by one director and Morgan has an opportunity to grow his business as a company while at the same time maintaining the control and autonomy in decision making of the company. Unlike corporations, LTDs are an operating agreement where the owners create rules that govern the business (Mancuso, 2015 p16). It is easier to form a private company limited by shares and maintain a good legal standing. John Morgan Plumbing would be do well as LTD especially at this time when it is expanding and growing to be a big company. It requires the attention of John Morgan to oversee a major t ransformation in terms of restructuring, management and delivery of plumbing services to the clients. It also requires his attention into further marketing of the company. Benefits of Choosing LTD as the Appropriate Trading Format of John Morgan Plumbing A private company limited by shares does not have a limit for the number of owners it can have. It can be either be owned by one member or many members. This element is in line with John Morgan desire to remain in control of his plumbing business. He will not have to lose the shareholding of the business because he has an option of remaining the sole owner while at the same time running the business as a LTD (Bevans, 2006 p89). Similarly, a Company Limited by shares for John Morgan Plumbing is an ideal trading format regarding taxation purposes. Just like sole proprietorship, the incomes from the LTD are treated as personal incomes for the business owner. In that regard, they are not subject to certain federal taxations for which corporations are liable. Taxes are not paid at the business level but rather at an individual level. The tax returns are therefore reported on the owners personal income. For John Morgan, this is an ideal trading format because it is almost the same as the sole proprietorship and John Morgan will still remain the sole owner of the company and will be in total control of the business. Creation of a Private Company Limited by Shares helps to affirm to the customers, employees, partners, traders and suppliers that the company has made a formal commitment to the business. John Morgan Plumbing is currently a sole proprietorship and the business owner is directly liable for the companies liabilities because its a personal business. However, if he adopts a trading format of that of LTD, then he will be a distinct individual untied to the company. In fact the company is regarded as a legal person distinct from the owner. The owner is not liable or responsible for the business debts. Every transaction for the company will be done on behalf of the company and not for John Morgan. This is an ideal format of doing business because it disassociates personal finances of the business owner to those of the company. It is an easier format to expand the business and to access credit. It is also an easier format for negotiating business deal with other entities as well as with the suppliers, creditors and debtors. For instance, the creditors cannot pursue the personal accounts of John Morgan to recover the business debts because he is a distinct person from the busi ness. In that regard, his personal assets are not vulnerable from the business debts. For a business expanding in such a fast phase, it is prudent to separate private and family life from the business in order to embark on a strategic management of business in terms of marketing, production, service delivery and brand management. Under the new trading format, John Morgan will be in a better position to restructure the companys processes including delegation of duties, designing the communication structures and defining specific roles and responsibilities of specific workers and managers. He will also be in a better position to seek consultancy services for the company on legal matters, management, marketing and services. He will also be in a better position to create or modify his companys service brands for particular market segments depending on the market needs. This will be a recipe for expanding the business because every worker will have a set of defined roles and responsibilities. Such a trading format will instil discipline in the workplace because the company will have a set of companys mission statement, vision and objectives. Workers will be expected to work as a team whereby they will have a shared vision all working to meet the set objectives. This will go down to enhanced plumbing services to the respective clients. The company will be in a better position to monitor its operations and to identify the hard and smart working employees who can be used to further the companys good reputation for purposes of continued excellent delivery of plumbing services. A LTD is also an ideal format for John Morgan Plumbing because it will be seeking to do business with big organizations, government and other institutions. Big organizations such as institutions and government departments prefer to deal with reputable companies rather than an individual because aspects of professionalism are given priority. We have seen that John Morgan Plumbing had already obtained some contracts for major public sector developments as a sole proprietor. The success and reputation of this business will not only rely on its previous performance, but also on the measures taken to improve the companys future engagements with other businesses. The objective of any business is to have a going concern and for such a booming plumbing business, the prospects of doing well in future lies on the kind of trading format they adopt at the moment. For a huge business, sole proprietorship would not be a viable business model because it would overstretch the management efforts of t he business owner. It is in this regard that we say that a private company limited by shares is the best model that would guarantee John Morgan Plumbing a going concern. Formation of a LTD will of course require some expenses and fees to file the Articles of Organization within the state. The fee used is more than that of the sole proprietor. However, the benefits of this new model are far bigger than the registration fees. Going with the fact that John Morgan was very eager to retain the control of the business, LTD provides that platform because unlike the corporations where one can sell shares, it is difficult to transfer an LTD. It is the prerogative of the owner to approve any addition of new owners or to alter ownership percentages. It is also important to acknowledge the fact that an LTD requires very simple legal process and is easy to manage especially when the owners are few. In this particular case, the owner is one and decision making process can be fast and strategic. It would not require setting up of long boardroom meetings to arrive to a decision because John Morgan can solicit competent advice from managers and consultants to make in formed decisions regarding the business. I therefore, believe that an LTD is the best trading format that John Morgan Plumbing should adopt while at the same time maintaining the initial business name. Bibliography Bevans, N. R., 2006. Business Organizations and Corporate Law. Illustrated ed. Boston: Cengage Learning. Available at: https://books.google.co.ke/books?id=87G4yWVkehACprintsec=frontcoverdq=Bevans,+N.+R.,+2006.+Business+Organizations+and+Corporate+Law.hl=ensa=Xredir_esc=y#v=onepageqf=false Mancuso, A., 2015. Form Your Own Limited Liability Company. Berkeley: Nolo Martin, A. R., 2010. Limited Liability Company and Partnership Answer Book. Alphen aan den Rijn : Aspen Publishers. Available at: https://books.google.co.ke/books?id=Nt_NyGiLXV8Cpg=SL10-PA8dq=Limited+Liability+Company+and+Partnership+Answer+Bookhl=ensa=Xredir_esc=y#v=onepageq=Limited%20Liability%20Company%20and%20Partnership%20Answer%20Bookf=false Schneeman, A., 2012. The Law of Corporations and Other Business Organizations. 6, illustrated ed. Boston: Cengage Learning. Available at: https://books.google.co.ke/books?id=lnoy85p0Pr0Cprintsec=frontcoverdq=The+Law+of+Corporations+and+Other+Business+Organizationshl=ensa=Xredir_esc=y#v=onepageq=The%20Law%20of%20Corporations%20and%20Other%20Business%20Organizationsf=false Spadaccini, M., 2004. Ultimate Book of Forming Corps, LLCs, Partnerships Sole Proprietorships. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies,Incorporated. https://www.cro.ie/Registration/Business-Name